Selected ruminal variables and purine urinary excretion rate of steers subjected to feeding, fasting, and re-feeding conditions.

The effects of feeding, fasting, and re-feeding on the ruminal profile of growing cattle were studied. Ruminal fluid and urine samples were obtained from 12 crossbred steers weighing approximately 300 kg during the following periods: 11 h of normal feeding (postprandial period), 48 consecutive hours of fasting, and followed by 48 h of re-feeding. Fasting promotes changes in the ruminal profile, such as an increase in ruminal pH, reduction in the number of rumen protozoa and bacteria, and decrease in the urinary excretion of allantoin; however, it does not change the urinary uric acid excretion rate. The overall mean ruminal pH was higher during fasting (7.53±0.27) in comparison to those at normal feeding (6.72±0.25) and re-feeding (6.62±0.31) (p⟨0.05). During re-feeding, the ruminal profile returned to normal, except for the protozoa count, which despite a slight increase only after 48 h of re-feeding, did not recover to baseline values.

Avaliação de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais no tratamento da dor de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia / Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment of pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy

O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the effect of flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in the treatment of postoperative pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy. 32 sheep were submitted to implantation of rumen cannula and orchiectomy, divided into three groups: GFlu (Flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.); GCet (Ketoprofen 3,0mg/kg i.v.); GMel (Meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Clinical examination and blood samples were performed at M0 (pre-evaluation), M1 (10 minutes after pre-evaluation), M2 (beginning ruminal cannula), M3 (immediately post-surgery), and M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h and M72h (2h, 12h, 23h, 25h, 48h and 72 hours post-surgery) with the evaluation of cortisol, glucose, total protein, albumin, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), urea, creatinine and blood count. At M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h and M48h a behavioral evaluation was performed. The GFlu showed higher concentration of cortisol at M12h and M48h and greater pain score related with fistula and testis procedures at M12h when compared to GMel. Animals in the GCet group presented lower interaction with other animals in the same M23h paddock. The analgesia provided by Meloxicam was higher than flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in animals submitted to placement of ruminal cannula and orchiectomy.(AU)

Hypertonic saline solution (NaCl 7.2%) enhances renal excretion of acids in cattle with acute ruminal lactic acidosis.

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) as a novel treatment of acute ruminal lactic acidosis (ARLA) in cattle, focusing on urinary excretion of acids. Twelve cannulated steers were submitted to experimentally induced ARLA by adminis- tering sucrose into the rumen. Twenty hours later, the cattle were randomly divided into two equal groups. The first group was treated with 7.5% HSS (5 mL/kg) over 15 min, and isotonic saline solution (ISS; 20 mL/kg) for the subsequent 165 minutes. The control group was administered ISS instead of HSS. Rumen and urine samples were collected at different times during the experiment from the baseline to 64 h post-induction. The induction caused a medium-to-moderate ruminal acidosis, and a moderate degree of systemic acidosis and dehydration. Steers treated with HSS increased by 50% its glomerular filtration rate (1.61 mL/min) compared to ISS group (1.06 mL/ min; p⟨0.03). The overall volume of urine excreted by HSS group was higher than that in ISS group (1.62 L vs 0.7 L; p⟨0.02). This increase in total volume of urine provided by HSS favored a greater excretion of H+ ions in urine, which was 3.39-fold higher in HSS group (64.3*10-7 vs 18.9*10-7 Mol) as well as lactate (241.7 vs 181.8 mMol) and P urinary excretion (3.8 vs 1.1 mMol) that reduced the urine pH (5.3 vs 5.7). Only the HSS group decreased significantly blood total lactic acid concentration (20.3 %) throughout the treatment. A positive relationship was found between the excretion of urinary phosphorus and urinary pH (r2=0.562). The results showed that this novel treatment with HSS enhanced renal excretion of acids and may be recommended as an additional treatment for cattle with lactic acidosis.

Resposta inflamatória peritoneal de asininos (Equus asinus) submetidos à ovariectomia por laparotomia e laparoscopia / Peritoneal inflammatory response of the donkeys (Equus asinus) submitted ovariectomy by laparotomy and laparoscopy

Objetivou-se avaliar resposta inflamatória e concentrações de proteínas em líquido peritonealde asininas submetidas à ovariectomia por laparotomia e laparoscopia. Foram utilizadas 18 fêmeas adultas, pesando em média 100kg, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos, de nove animais cada: o grupo I, em que foram ovariectomizadas por laparotomia, e o grupo II por laparoscopia. Após as cirurgias, em ambos os grupos foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis no líquido peritoneal: pH, densidade, número de hemácias, leucócitos e proteínas de fase aguda (fibrinogênio, haptoglobina, albumina, antitripsina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, imunoglobulinas A e G). Todas as variáveis foram analisadas antes das cirurgias, 12, 24, 48, 72 horas, oito e 16 dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. O número de hemácias e leucócitos aumentou 24 horas depois das cirurgias nos dois grupos. Haptoglobina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida,albumina, transferrina, gamaglobulinas A, G e proteínas totais aumentaram nos dois grupos. As concentrações de ceruloplasmina não variaram enquanto a antitripsina não foi detectada no líquido peritoneal de asininos.Foi identificada uma proteína com23.000kD, que não tem denominação nem descrição no líquido peritoneal de asininos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory response and protein concentrations in the peritoneal fluid of donkeys submitted to laparotomy and laparoscopic ovariectomy. Eighteen adult females, weighing on average 100kg, were divided into two groups, of 09 animals each, where in group I, they were ovariectomized by laparotomy and group II by laparoscopy. Following the surgeries, the following variables were evaluated in the peritoneal fluid: pH, density, number of red cells, leukocytes and acute phase proteins (fibrinogen, haptoglobin, albumin, antitrypsin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, Immunoglobulins A and G). All variables were analyzed before the surgeries, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, 8 and 16 days after the surgical procedures. The number of red cells and leukocytes increased 24 hours after the surgeries in both groups. Haptoglobin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, albumin, transferrin, gammaglobulins A and G, and total proteins increased in both groups. Concentrations of ceruloplasmin did not change while antitrypsin was not detected in the asinine peritoneal fluid. A protein of 23,000kD, which has no name or description in the peritoneal liquid of donkeys, has been identified.(AU)

Characterization of the ovarian preantral follicle populations and its correlation with age and nutritional status in Brazilian Northeastern donkeys (Equus assinus).

This study aimed to characterize the ovarian follicular population and to determine its correlations with the age and nutritional status of donkeys of the Northeastern Brazilian breed. A total of 10 females with a mean age of 5.1±3.2years were submitted to ovariectomy by videolaparoscopy to obtain the ovaries. In the laboratory, the ovaries were sectioned into 6-12 fragments of approximately 7mm in diameter, which were fixed in Carnoy, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol (85%, 95% and absolute), clarified using xylol and embedded in blocks of histological paraffin. The blocks were cut in sections of 7µm and each 120th section was mounted on a slide for observation using optical microscopy. The follicle counting and identification allowed the characterization of the population of the preantral follicles. A total of 21.135±10.821 preantral follicles was counted, of which, 91.3% were primordial, 8.3% were primary follicles and 0.4% were secondary follicles. There were no differences between the two ovaries of each animal regarding the follicular population (P>0.05). There was a rate of 9.77% degenerated follicles. Values of 0.99% follicles containing two oocytes were also identified and classified as multi-oocyte follicles, always of the primordial category. The thickness of the granulosa cell layer was 1.85µm±1.39, 3.56µm±2.08 and 21.85µm±17.27, for primordial, primary and secondary follicles, respectively. There was a significant inverse correlation (r=-0.66; P<0.001) between the age of the animals and the population of ovarian follicles. A negative influence of the weight and body score on the ovarian follicular population was also observed, when donkeys had very little or a great amount of body condition. This is the first study to describe the morphometric characteristics and estimation of the population of preantral ovarian follicles in Northeastern Brazilian donkey, showing that number of preantral follicles decreased with increasing age of the animals and this finding may be affected by nutritional status of the animals.

Utilização de sal mineral rico em molibdênio na prevenção da intoxicação cúprica acumulativa em ovinos - microminerais hepáticos / Use of molybdenum rich mineral mix in the prevention of cumulative cooper poisoning in sheep - hepatic microminerals

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade de um sal mineral rico em molibdênio (Mo) em prevenir a intoxicação cúprica acumulativa (ICA), mediante a análise das variáveis clínicas e dos teores de cobre (Cu) e Mo hepático. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos cruzados da raça Ile-de-France, aleatoriamente distribuídos igualmente em cinco grupos, em que o grupo 1 recebia dieta contendo 80% de volumoso e 20% de concentrado, os grupos 2 e 3 recebiam 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado, e os grupos 4 e 5 recebiam a mesma dieta dos grupos 2 e 3, com a adição diária de 150mg de sulfato de Cu. Os grupos 1, 3 e 5 recebiam sal mineral contendo 300ppm de Mo. Foram realizadas três biópsias hepáticas para determinação de Cu, Mo e Zn. Três ovinos do grupo 4 e um do grupo 5 manifestaram ICA. Não houve diferença na frequência de mortalidade entre os grupos (P=0,56). Os teores de Cu hepático nos ovinos com ICA (2450ppm) foram superiores aos que não intoxicaram (1518ppm). Quanto maior a ingestão de Mo na dieta, menor foi o acúmulo de Cu hepático ao término do experimento (r = -0,72).(AU)

The aim of this project is to evaluate the capacity of a molybdenum-rich mineral salt in the prevention of cumulative cooper poisoning (CCP) in sheep, through clinical and hepatic copper and molybdenum concentrations. Twenty five crossbreed Ile-de-France sheep were randomly distributed equally into five groups. Group 1 received a 80% forage and 20% concentrate diet, groups 2 and 3 received a 50% forage and 50% concentrate diet, and groups 4 and 5 received the same diet as groups 2 and 3 with a daily supplementation of 150 mg of copper sulfate. Groups 1, 3 and 5 received a mineral salt with 300 ppm of molybdenum. Three times during the experiment a liver biopsy was carried out to evaluate the degree of copper accumulation. Three sheep from group 4 and one sheep from group 5 showed a clinical picture of CCP. There was no difference in the frequency of mortality between groups 4 and 5 (P=0.56). The liver copper concentration was higher in sheep with CCP (2450 ppm) compared to sheep that did not present CCP (1518 ppm). The higher the ingestion of molybdenum in the diet the lower the liver copper concentration at the end of the experiment (r=-0.72).(AU)

Avaliação hemogasométrica, bioquímica e hematológica de ovinos suplementados com melão / Effects of sudden intake of melon on blood gas, biochemical and hematological parameters of sheep

O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da administração de duas diferentes quantidades de melão sobre variáveis hemogasométricas, bioquímicas e hematológicas de ovinos não adaptados. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos canulados, pesando 25kg de peso vivo, que nunca receberam ração concentrada. Os animais receberam dieta à base de feno (2,3% do peso vivo) e água à vontade. Os ovinos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e receberam 25% ou 75% da matéria seca (MS) da dieta de melão triturado (G25% e G75%, respectivamente) diretamente no rúmen. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e determinação do pH ruminal nos seguintes tempos: zero, 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas após oferecimento do melão. Foi realizada análise hemogasométrica, do volume globular, determinação da concentração plasmática de lactato-L, glicose e osmolaridade sérica. No G25%, o pH sanguíneo variou entre 7,40 e 7,31, enquanto o G75% apresentou pH entre 7,38 e 7,26. Maiores concentrações de glicose plasmática foram detectadas no G75% no T3, T6 e T12 (P<0,05). Os ovinos que receberam 25% de melão mantiveram parâmetros sanguíneos dentro da normalidade, ao passo que, no G75%, os ovinos apresentaram discreta acidose metabólica sistêmica e hiperglicemia. A suplementação com 25% de melão pode ser uma alternativa segura na alimentação de ovinos.

This study evaluated the effects of two different amounts of melon on blood gas, biochemical and hematological variables of sheep not adapted. We used 12 cannulated sheep weighing 25 kg which never received concentrate. The animals received hay-based diet (2.3% of body weight) and water ad libitum. The sheep were randomly divided into two groups and received 25% or 75% of the dry matter (DM) of the diet of crushed melon (G25% and G75%, respectively) directly into the rumen. Blood collection and determination of ruminal pH were made at the following times: zero, three, six, 12, 18 and 24 hours after administration of the fruit. In whole blood was performed blood gas analysis and packed cell volume; in the plasma it was determined the concentrations of L-Lactate and glucose and in the serum the osmolarity. At G25% the blood pH ranged between 7.40 and 7.31, while G75% showed pH between 7.38 and 7.26. Higher concentrations of plasma glucose were detected in G75% after 3, 6 and 12 hours (P <0.05). Sheep receiving 25% of melon showed blood parameters within the normal range, while in the G75%, sheep had a mild systemic metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia.

Behaviour of confined sheep fed with different concentrate sources / Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos confinados alimentados com diferentes fontes de concentrado

In this study we examined the effects of different feed concentrates on sheep behaviour. Our hypothesis was that citric pulp would stimulate rumination and be capable of replacing other concentrates traditionally used for feeding in confinement, to reduce the risk of urolithiasis. Ten adult Santa Inês sheep were distributed in a Latin square with five different diets, one control diet with 80 percent hay and 20 percent commercial feed and four diets containing 30 percent coast-cross hay and 70 percent of the following concentrates: pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal, cornmeal or wheat bran. After 21d of adaptation to each one of the five diets, the sheep were visually monitored for 24 h at 3 min intervals to record the time spent ruminating, time spent eating and time spent resting; the animals' positions (standing or lying down) were also noted. Daytime was considered to be from 06:00h to 18:00h. The data were evaluated using ANOVA, with Tukey post-hoc test or throughout Two-sample T test for circadian and position assessment. Citrus pulp diets resulted in time spent ruminating similar to the control diet (601, 590 and 669 min, respectively), but greater (P<0.05) than the cornmeal group (421min), which showed that citrus pulp generated effective rumination. The estimated saliva production in the control diet (26L) was greater than in the other groups, and was greater in the citrus pulp groups (24L/d) than cornmeal (21L/d). Feeding with cornmeal led to shorter time spent eating and time spent ruminating than all other diets. The sheep had higher time spent resting at night when fed concentrates (P<0.05). For all diets, about 90 percent of the time spent ruminating occurred with the animals lying down. Pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal and to a lesser degree wheat bran, led to adequate time spent ruminating. The use of citrus pulp can act as a preventive management measure to reduce the incidence of urolithiasis in sheep flocks...

No presente estudo, avaliaram-se os efeitos da alimentação de diferentes concentrados sobre o comportamento de ovinos. A hipótese é a de que a polpa cítrica estimularia a ruminação e reduziria o risco de ocorrência de urolitíase, podendo substituir outros concentrados. Dez ovinos adultos, mestiços da raça Santa Inês, foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino com cinco tratamentos, sendo quatro destes contendo dietas com 30 por cento de feno de capim coast-cross e 70 por cento dos seguintes concentrados: polpa cítrica peletizada, polpa cítrica farelada, fubá de milho e farelo de trigo, e uma dieta controle com 80 por cento de feno e 20 por cento de ração comercial peletizada. [...] A posição dos animais (em pé ou deitados) também foi observada. O período diurno foi considerado entre seis e 18 horas. Para comparação entre os tratamentos, os dados foram avaliados por meio de ANOVA e do teste de Tukey. Para a avaliação circadiana e entre as posições, foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Dietas com polpa cítrica promoveram tempo de ruminação semelhante aos do grupo de controle (601, 590 e 669 min, respectivamente), mas superior ao grupo alimentado com fubá de milho (421min). A produção de saliva estimada no grupo controle (26L/d) foi maior do que nos demais grupos, e os grupos com polpa cítrica tiveram maior produção de saliva do que o grupo com fubá de milho (21L/d). Ovinos em dietas ricas em concentrados descansam mais durante a noite. Em todas as dietas, cerca de 90 por cento da ruminação ocorreu com os animais deitados. A polpa cítrica peletizada e a farelada, e em menor grau o farelo de trigo, promoveram adequadamente a ruminação. Este concentrado pode ser utilizado como medida preventiva visando diminuir a incidência de urolitíase em rebanhos ovinos...

Eritrograma e variantes de hemoglobina em caprinos da raça Canindé / Erythrogram and hemoglobin types in Canindé goats

The erythrogram and hemoglobin types in Canindé goats were determined. Twenty blood samples were collected from the animals and used for determination of packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocytes counts, hemoglobin concentration, calculation of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and electrophoretic separation of hemoglobin types. The values for erythrogram were: PCV 34.6±4.62 percent, hemoglobin 10.1±1.05mg/dl, erythrocytes 15.3±4.54x106/mm3, MCV 24.0±5.83fl, and MCHC 29.3±2.44g/dl. Electrophoretic separation of hemoglobin types revealed only one type characterized as hemoglobin A (HbAA).

Uso do propofol na indução anestésica de cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) / Use of propofol in the induction of anesthesia in agouti (Dasyprocta sp.)

Avaliou-se o emprego do propofol, por via intravenosa, como agente indutor anestésico em cutias (Dasyprocta sp), utilizando-se 10 fêmeas adultas, com pesos entre 1,5 a 2,0kg, criadas em cativeiro. Avaliaram-se as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, a temperatura retal e a pressão arterial sistólica, antes da administração do propofol e logo após a anestesia dos animais. Foram mensurados o período hábil e de recuperação da anestesia. As médias das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal e a pressão arterial sistólica basais foram de 220bcm, 92mrm, 38,95ºC e 110mmHg, respectivamente. Após a indução, as médias obtidas para essas variáveis foram de 214bcm, 84mrm, 39,05ºC e 80mmHg. As médias dos períodos hábil e de recuperação da anestesia foram de 10min e 45seg e 15min e 40seg, respectivamente. O propofol, quando utilizado em dose única, mostrou-se seguro, não alterando significativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos, podendo ser considerado um fármaco de escolha para a indução anestésica de cutias.

The endovenous use of propofol as inductor agent of anesthesia in agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) was evaluated using ten adut females, weighing 1.5 to 2.0kg, kept in captivity. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, and systolic arterial blood pressure were measured before and after anesthesia. Time of anesthesia and time of recovering of the anesthesia were also measured. The averages of the heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature and the systolic blood pressure were 220bpm, 92mpm, 38.95ºC, and 110Hgmm, respectively. After the induction, the averages obtained for those variables were of 214bpm, 84mpm, 39.05ºC, and 80mmHg, respectively. The averages of the time of anesthesia and time of its recovery were 10min 45sec and 15min 40sec, respectively. Propofol when used in only one dose, was considered safe, since it did not disturbe the physiological parameters. Thus, propofol can be considered an alternative drug for anesthesia induction in agouti.